If it says “removed user” in the participant list, the user has been removed in one of these ways:
User has been removed
Via API
Via back office
User has been anonymized
What is a "removed user"? - Knowledgebase / Troubleshooting - Learnifier Helpdesk
What is a "removed user"?
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- Last updated: Aug 14, 2023 by Ester Andersson